The development of the therapeutic community in correctional establishments: a comparative retrospective account of the 'democratic' Maxwell Jones TC and the hierarchical concept-based TC in prison.

BACKGROUND The correction-based therapeutic community (TC) is one of the most described treatment modalities for (substance abusing) incarcerated offenders. The origins and development of the therapeutic community have been traced back to two independent traditions: the American hierarchical concept-based TC and the British democratic Maxwell Jones-type TC. Both branches have developed independently, targeting different people and tackling diverse problems. AIMS To demonstrate that there are clear and undeniable similarities between the 'two' prison-based therapeutic communities. METHOD A comparative historical review of the literature and a critical discussion and comparison. RESULTS The links between the democratic and hierarchical therapeutic communities are summarised under five headings: social learning and behavioural modification; permissiveness and modelling; democracy and hierarchy; communalism and community as method; reality testing and 'acting as if'. CONCLUSIONS The 'two' correction-based therapeutic communities are on converging pathways. Far from being oppositional models, they can be regarded as being complementary.